PREFACE
First of all, grateful to God's love and mercy for us. Thanks to God to help me and give me the opportunity to complete this task on time. And I want to thank the lecturers who always taught us and gives a lot of knowledge about how to practice good English.
This task is one of the tasks of English consisting of Practical Use of English As A Second Language I realize this task is not perfect. But I hope to be useful for us. Criticisms and suggestions are needed here to make this task better. Hopefully we as a student in the "English" can work more professionally by using English as a second language no matter what we do. Thank you.
CLAUSES AND PHRASES
Both clauses and phrases are the basic components of writing a sentence. When combined with other parts of speech and other parts of sentences, clauses and phrases to help build a complex system in which your words convey the meaning. Understanding the difference between the two is very important to write grammatically correct sentences and well constructed.
A. Clauses
Adverb clauses are clauses that function as adverbs. Adverb clause is a dependent clause (clause that can not stand alone) that indicates how, when, where, why, or under what conditions something to happen or even could be to express the contrast (the difference). Adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction belonging to the conjunctions.
A clause is a group of words that can act as a sentence, but not necessarily a complete sentence itself. All clause contains a subject and a predicate, which always contain a verb. A predicate says something about what the subject did. Some clause can stand alone as a complete sentence; others can not. Below are some examples of clauses:
Example :
1. She danced. (“She” is the subject. “Danced” is both the verb and the predicate. Even though the clause is only two words, it functions as an independent clause because it can stand alone as a sentence.)
2. While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her.
In Example 2, there are actually two clauses. The first “while she is dancing” contains a subject (she) and a predicate (is dancing), but it cannot stand alone as a sentence, making it a dependent clause. The second clause, “the audience cannot tear its eyes off her,” contains a subject (the audience) and a predicate (tear its eyes off her), and because it can function as a sentence on its own, it is an independent clause.
Sentences Adverb Clauses :
1. Adverb Clause of Time
Adverb Clause of Time Is the adverb clause stating the time. To demonstrate an adverb clause of time we can use subordinating conjunctions: after, as long as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while.
Example :
a. When I was reading an English book, my friend came.
b. I’ll tell you as soon as I know.
c. Before I played basketball, I was a soccer player.
d. The coach met with her players after the game was over ect.
2. Adverb Clause of Place
Adverb Clause of Place Is the adverb clause stating the place, we can use the subordinating conjunctions: where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere.
Example :
a. You may go wherever you like.
b. Wherever you are, I’ll be able to find you.
c. Anywhere you go, sports stars are national heroes.
d. Etc.
3. Adverb Clause of Reason
Adverb Clause of Reason Is the adverb clause stating the reason, we can use the subordinating conjunctions: as, because, since.
Example :
a. Apin doesn’t go to school because she is sick.
b. Since it’s raining so heavily, I can’t go out.
c. He was unable to play in the final games as he had hurt his ankle.
d. Etc.
4. Adverb Clause of Manner
Adverb Clause of Manner Is the adverb clause stating way.
Example :
a. Do as I ask you to do.
5. Adverb Clause of Contrast/ Concession
Adverb Clause of Contrast/ Concession Is the adverb clause that states the difference or disagreement. We can use the subordinating conjunctions : although, even though, though, while, whereas. to show an adverb clause of contrast.
Example :
a. He is still poor although he has worked so hard.
b. Even though I don’t have much money, I will try to help him.
c. They won the game, though they didn’t really deserve the victory.
d. Etc.
6. Adverb Clause of Condition
Adverb Clause of Condition Is the adverb clause that states the terms, we can use the subordinating conjunctions: if, even if, only if, unless.
Example :
a. You’ll succeed, if you do your best.
b. If I were a bird, I would fly.
c. You won’t be rich unless you work hard.
d. You will be comfortable inside the house even if it’s cold and raining outside.
e. Etc.
7. Adverb Clause of Result
Adverb Clause of Result Is the adverb clause that states the effect.
Example :
a. She is so short that she can’t become a stewardess.
b. She studies so hard that she is successful in her study.
8. Adverb Clause of Purpose
Adverb Clause of Purpose is the adverb clause stating the purpose.
Example :
a. Santi takes a computer lesson in order that she can get a job easily.
b. People eat nutritious food so that they will keep healthy.
9. Adverb Clause of Comparison
Adverb Clause of Comparison is the adverb clause stating comparison.
Example :
a. Johan can speak English as fluently as his teacher.
b. An elephant is stronger than a rabbit.
B. Phrases
A phrase is a group of two or more words that does not have the subject and verb combination and does not form a predicate. It can contain a noun or a verb, but does not have a subject or predicate. Essentially, a phrase provides some sort of additional information or provides more context to the sentences you write. A phrase can never stand alone as a sentence; however, a phrase can nestle itself inside clauses that are either complete sentences on their own or ones that are dependent on the rest of the sentence. When a phrase is within a clause, it functions as a part of speech. Below are a few examples of a phrase:
Example :
1. The dance was held at the reception hall. (“At the reception hall” is a prepositional phrase. It does not have a subject or predicate, and it cannot stand alone as a sentence.)
Example 2 revisited: While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her.
In Example 2 revisited, “off her” is a prepositional phrase that is nestled within the independent clause identified earlier. It does not contain a subject/predicate, nor can it stand alone as a sentence.
Understanding the difference It is vital to understand the main differences between clauses and phrases to ensure your writing is clear in both construction and context. If you are unsure whether a group of words is a clause or phrase, break down the words into the parts of speech to help you decide. If there is a subject and a verb with a predicate, it is a clause. If there is a noun but no verb or a verb but no noun and does not have a predicate, it is a phrase. Always keep in mind that sometimes phrases are built into clauses.
Phrases :
A. Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase is between noun phrases (pronoun or number) and one or more modifier (c / determiner, adjective, participle).
1. Example :
· My book
· The next page
· Someone special
2. Sentence phrase :
· Are you waiting someone special ?
B. Adjective phrase
Adjective phrase is a phrase that consists of an adjective and a modifier, determiner, and / or intensifier.
1. Example :
· Angry with you
· Very beautiful
2. Sentence phrase:
· Never have I been angry with you
C. Adverb phrase
Adverb phrase an adverb phrase consisting of the qualifier (c / too, very, so) or in the form of prepositional phrase or infinitive phrase.
1. Example :
· Very good
· During the hurricane
2. Sentence phrase :
· The people couldn’t do anything during the hurricane
D. Prepositional phrase
Prepositional pharase is a combination of the preposition with the object and functions as an adverb.
1. Example :
· At school
· Because of rain
· Between you and me
2. Sentences phrase :
· There is distance between you and me
E. Infinitive phrase
Infinitive phrase a combination of the infinitive and the object, which serves as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
1. Example :
· To run through teh rain
· To call him
· To hear the news
2. Sentence phrase
· The best time to call him is at night
F. Gerund phrase
Gerund phrase consists of the gerund and the modifier and / or noun (s), pronouns (s), or noun phrase, where the functioning as a noun.
1. Example :
· His singing
· Getting the best score
· Giving bribes to win the election
2. Sentence phrase :
· He should feel ashamed for giving bribes to win the election
G. Principal phrase
Participial phrase is a combination of the participle (present or past participle) with modifier and / or complement.
Its function as a verb [along the auxiliary form of progressive, perfect (continuous), and passive voice] or adjective.
1. Examlpe :
· Playing basketball
· Being parked there
· Working in my room
2. Sentence phrase
· Working in my room, I didn’t let someone else to disturb
H. Appositive phrase
Appositive phrase such as noun phrase, gerund phrase, or infinitive phrase that describes a noun or pronoun serves another.
1. Example :
· A foremost scientist
· The best-selling car in indonesia
· Sailing across the ocean
2. Sentence phrase :
· His hobby, sailing across teh ocean, takes a lot of time
I. Absolute phrase
Absolute is a combination of a noun phrase / pronoun and participle with or without modifier. Its function is to explain the independent clause separated by commas.
1. Example :
· His hands tugging on his mother’s shirttail
2. Sentence phrase :
· His hands tugging on his mother’s shirttail, the little boy asked his mother to buy a toy.
Terimakasih semoga bermanfaat dengan contoh makalah di atas.....!!
